Background: Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is a cytokine with a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical applications, including multiple sclerosis (MS), cancer, some autoimmune disorders, and viral infectious diseases. Thus, many studies have been performed to develop novel strategies for the high-yield production of functional IFN-β in a cost-effective approach. Here, we aimed to improve the intracellular expression of IFN-β-1a in Pichia pastoris. Materials and Methods: The gene of IFN-β-1a was successfully sub-cloned into the pPICZA vector. The recombinant vector was transfected to P. pastoris GS115 cells by electroporation. After screening positive P. pastoris transformants, the expression of IFN-β-1a was evaluated and the cultivation conditions, including temperature, time of incubation, and methanol concentration, were optimized. The protein expression levels were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Results: The double digestion with EcoRI and XhoI restriction enzymes and sequence analysis confirmed the correct sub-cloning of the IFN-β-1a gene into pPICZA. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the highest level of IFN-β-1a (25 mg per 1 L of yeast culture) was produced with 2% methanol at 28°C after 72 h incubation. Conclusion: Optimization of cultivation conditions for intracellular expression of IFN-β-1a was successfully performed. This approach can be generally applied to improve the production yield and quality of other recombinant proteins in P. pastoris.

Background: Interferons are generally prescribed in multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. This study was done to investigate the severity and type of skin side effects of interferon beta (IFNβ) in patients with MS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study on the patients with MS taking IFNβ medication referred to Baqiyatullah Hospital in 2021 - 22. The sample size was 322, and the sampling method was census. Data were documented in a checklist, and analyses were performed by SPSS software version 24 at a significance level of 0.05. Result: About 46% of patients had no skin complications. The erythema at the injection site was the commonest skin complication (45.2%). The hair loss severity after treatment had a statistically significant increase than before (P < 0.001). If the severity of the patient's current disease was moderate, the estimated odds of developing the erythema compared to no complication was 2.60 times higher than the patient with mild current severity of the disease (P = 0.003), and if the severity of the current disease was moderate, the estimated odds of developing erythema + eczema than no complications was 7.70 times higher than the patient with the current severity of the mild disease (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The most important skin complications MS patients experience following the use of IFNβ are injection site skin reactions and erythema. Hair loss increased in MS patients after IFNβ treatment. Prospective studies on the procedure of hair loss after treatment with IFNβ in MS patients are recommended.

Cytokines play an important role in my disease and are considered an important target for therapeutic interventions. the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training on the serum level of 17 and interferon beta in young women with MS. Was.Method: The present study was conducted in a semi-experimental way with a pre-test and post-test design. 30 women with MS with age range of 30-35 years were randomly selected in two exercise and control groups. Resistance exercises were performed for 8 weeks and three sessions a week, each session lasting 60 minutes with an intensity of 60-70% of the maximum heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and after the training protocol with 12 hours of fasting and the levels of interleukin 17 and beta interferon were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software and covariance test.Results: The results showed that after 8 hours of resistance training intervention, the amount of interleukin 17 in the training group decreased significantly and the amount of beta interferon showed a significant increase compared to the control groupConclusion: Since moderate intensity resistance training decreased interleukin 17 and increased beta interferon in patients with MS, it seems that exercise intervention can be used to treat and prevent the progression of MS along with used drug treatments.

HLA-G is normally expressed on human trophoblast cells. It is a non-classical MHC molecule class I b. The role of HLA-G in diabetic type 1 is not known. We investigated the role of IFN-b in induction HLA-G expression on the monocyte derived dendritic cells (DC) in diabetes type 1. Treatment of dendritic cell with IFN-b in vitro from diabetic patients (n=20) and normal subjects (n=20) resulted to the production and expression of HLA-G on these cells from both groups. However, comparison of DC from the diabetic patients with DC from the controls revealed lower levels of HLA-G molecules in DC from diabetic patients. Using mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), it was found that DC expressing HLA-G mediated the inhibition of autologous T cell activation. It is concluded that IFN-b can increase HLA-G in DC from diabetic patients; subsequently it may prevent the immune regularly pathway in the diabetic pathogenesis.

Background and purpose: New biochemical markers(Fibronection, esteriol, à- feto protein,…) to predict spontaneous preterm birth give a more precise and earlier diagnosis than the usual ones( previous history, risk scoring system,…) there are many women with no obvois risk factors who deliver prematurely. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between preterm delivery and cervicovaginal beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta- h.c.g) levels. Material and Methods: The study was a nested case control undertaken on 304 pregnant women attending the health centers of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Cervicovaginal (beta-h.c.g) titers were measured in 83 high risk women at 24-28 week’s of gestation. Based on getational age (GA) at delivery they allocated in case (GA<34 weeks) and control ≥37 weeks) groups. Beta-h.c.g levels were analyzed and compared in two groups. Odd’s  ratioes were calculated.. Results: 83(27.3%) high risk pregnant women were selected from a total of 304 participants. 36 ( 43. 37%)subjects delivered at or before 34 weeks of cervicovaginal beta h.c.g showed a range of 0-186 mIU/ml with an optimal cut- off value of 25, Odd’s ratio for gestational age <37 was 3.016 (CI= 1.12-8.06, 95%). There was a correlation between preterm delivery (gestational age<37) and cervicovaginal beta h.c.g titer in 24-28 weeks of gestation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the test as a predictor of preterm delivery  were 41.67%, 80.85%, 62.5%, and 64.41% respectively. Conclusion: A high sensitivity was not attained in this for the cervicovaginal secretions beta- hcg levels in order to predict preterm delivery, hence further investigation are required to elucidate all aspects of the subjects

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evaluation of ATI425 alloy with initial martensite microstructure in single-phase and two-phase region in the temperature range of 700-1100˚C and strain rate of 0. 001-1s-1 were investigated. The flow curves of the alloy in the α/β region and β-single phase showed that the flow softening of the alloy is the result of spheridization of alpha plates and dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization in the α/β phase and β single phase, respectively. In the α/β phase region at low temperatures and low strain rates, the splitting of the alpha plates and the penetration phenomenon are the main causes of alpha plate sphericity and the structure modification mechanism. Kinetic analysis of the alloy was calculated after removing the effect of adiabatic heat and friction. The activation energies for the ATI425 alloy were calculated to be 403. 226 kj/mol and 201. 038 kj/mol in the α/β and β regions, respectively. The linear relationship between the Zener-Holman parameter and the stress indicates that the flow stress follows the predicted trend of the equation. The process map extracted at 0. 5 strain showed that the three zones, instability, safe zone and peak zone with power dissipation efficiency 0-0. 30%, 30-40% and above 40%.

One of the deadliest diseases in the world, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing global pandemic known as COVID-19. COVID-19 symptoms range from undetectable to deadly, hyper-inflammatory response and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines or hypercytokinemia are key factors in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. However, no specific and effective treatment was available, anti-inflammatory drugs have been vastly used for treating patients. The goal of this narrative literature review (2020–2022) was to elucidate the connection between anti-inflammatory medications and COVID-19 outcomes, such as safety and survival rate. Overall, these studies are consistent in presenting that anti-inflammatory drug can be advised to target the host immune response in patients and have been beneficial in reducing the mortality rate. This is revealed in current recommendations from prominent global public health authorities, which support anti-inflammatory drug use for a decrease of cytokine storm during COVID-19.